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General project information

Organisation that implemented the case study

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Description of the emergency context

Geographic location
Geographic coordinates
Enter either in decimal 51.47879 or sexagesimal format 51° 28' 43.644"
Enter either in decimal -0.010677 or sexagesimal format -1° 59' 21.5628"
Main treatment objectivesOpen description
How to define it
Review the design documents or ask the design team or consultant: the objectives are considered to design the faecal sludge treatment site. Usually, the objectives are related to the quality of input sludge and the environmental conditions of disposal sites or the desired output reuse.

References, tips, examples
If the aim is to reuse the wastewater outlet in agriculture, the treatment objectives are solid/liquid separation and pathogen reduction.

Why is it important to define it
It is a requirement to design the faecal sludge treatment plant and to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment of the wastes by the plant.

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Community (dimensions or area, livelihood, type of shelter/house, HHs dimensions)
Living area of community (name and localization of camp/city/village, access)
Population increase/decrease forecast
Type of site (permanent camp, transit camp, returnees’ area, informal settlement, informal settlement mixed with host community, host community, etc.)
Type of context (rural, urban, peri-urban, etc.)
Other WaSH activities implemented in the community (hygiene promotion, water supply, drainage, vector control, etc.)
Local and international WaSH institutions (management committees, NGOs, WaSH governmental agencies, private sector) with WaSH active role in the community and specific partnerships
Main waterborne diseases
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Description of the treatment process

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Provide a schematic diagram of the process
List and description of the treatment modules
Final discharge routes of the outputs (disposal or end-use)
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Assessment & design (feasibility)

Design consideration
m²/day
Definition of the indicator
This indicator defines the quantity of sludge per day that the facility can receive according to the design.
Unit/value: m3/day<

How to measure or calculate it
Review the design documents or ask to the design team or consultant: the input flow is considered to design the faecal sludge treatment plant. It is based on the design population, knowing that an average individual produces between 0.12 – 0.40 litres of faeces and 0.6 – 1.5 litres of urine per day. For small networks (small bore sewerage, solids free sewerage) where domestic drinking water network is available: it is estimated that 80% of the drinking water supply ends up in the sanitation system.

Why is it important to measure it
This indicator is important to know what inlet flow the plant can receive (mean and maximum). It is used to design the whole facility (tanks, pumps, drying beds, etc.)."
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mg/L
Definition of the indicator
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a way to measure how many pollutants from organic materials are present in wastewater, faecal sludge, effluent, or other streams. It measures how much oxygen is used up to break down organic pollutants.

Why is it important to measure it
The COD is one of the design and performance parameters for (faecal sludge) treatment plants and one of the regulatory standards for effluent discharge. COD is typically expressed as milligrams per litre (mg/L) or grams per litre (g/L).
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mg/L
Definition of the indicator Total Solids (TS) is a measure of the total amount of organic and inorganic solids and is determined by evaporating a known volume of water.

It is one of the design and performance parameters for (faecal sludge) treatment plants. TS is typically expressed as milligrams per litre (mg/L) or grams per litre (g/L).
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persons
Definition of the indicator
Number of people to benefit from the faecal sludge treatment service that was used for the design of the treatment plant.

How to measure or calculate it
Analyse the current population, its growth and movement trends. In a stable growing population, population to be served can be calculated as follows:
Pn = P0 * (1+i)^n
Pn = Population in year ‘n’
n = design period (refer to design life indicator)
P0 = Population in year 0
i = annual growth of the population
However in humanitarian context, this will usually depend on the security context (forecast of the population affected by the crisis).

References, tips, examples
n = design period = 5 years
P0 = Population in year 0 = 1,000 persons
i = annual growth of the population = 10% influx per year
P5 = 1,000 * (1+0.1)^5 = 1,610 persons, say 1,600

Why is it important to measure it
It is necessary to know the size of the population that needs to be served in order to design the treatment plant correctly and accordingly. It is important to forecast the population growth to better size the facility (tanks, pumps, drying beds, etc.) so that it can answer to the future needs of the population. If the facilities are not designed according to the needs, the construction and operation costs can end up being unnecessarily increased (plant overdesigned) or the treatment results can be poorer (plant underdesigned).
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m²/m³ of design input flow
Definition of the indicator
This is the space occupied by the faecal sludge treatment site in relationship with the design input flow (see indicator).

How to measure or calculate it
Measure in the field (on site) or in the project designs, the total area of the faecal sludge treatment site and divide it by the designinput flow (see indicator).

Example:
If the total area of the plant is 500 m2, and the design input flow is 100m3, the required space is 500/100= 5m2/ m3.

Why is it important to measure it
This indicator is useful to know the amount of land needed to implement treatment technologies depending on the quantity of sludge generated. In humanitarian contexts, where the population is often obliged to settle in crowded areas with unfavourable environmental conditions, the space available for faecal sludge treatment sites may be limited.
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Technologies employedOpen description
Definition of the indicator
List of all the treatment technologies employed and making up the fecal sludge treatment plant.

How to define it
Observe on-site or review the design documents or the manual operator to have an exhaustive list of all the treatment modules of the plant. If a module is not on the list, indicate it with the ‘other’ choice.

Why is it important to define it
This indicator is important to compare treatment plants and evaluate their efficiency.

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Source of sludgeOpen description
Definition of the indicator
It defines the type of sanitation infrastructures which the sludge comes from.

How to define it
If they exist, analyse the documents on desludging which report this information, otherwise observe the desludging activities and the sanitation infrastructures which the sludge comes from. Talk with people in charge of desludging.
It is possible to select several answers.

References, tips, examples
For example, the sludge can come from different types of latrines – lined and unlined pit latrines, all being dry latrines and some being public toilets. All four responses need to be ticked.

Why is it important to define it
This indicator is important to estimate the sludge’s characteristics as it varies depending on the origin of the infrastructure (flush vs dry latrines, affected by groundwater or not, from health facilities, etc.). The design of the plant should be based on the sludge characteristics. For example, the sludge from hospitals is likely to be more hazardous and will need a special treatment.

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Local constraintsOpen description
Definition of the indicator
This indicator defines the constraints faced in the area where the treatment plant is located.

How to measure or calculate it
High water table: check, at the end of rainy season, the groundwater table at the faecal sludge site by digging a pit and/or checking dug wells nearby (in the early morning before water is taken and water level drops). If it’s not possible to do it at the end of the rainy season, ask for information from the local population about the water level in the wells during the year. If there is less than 1m between the water table and the ground level, consider that it is a high water table.
Rocky ground: check if the ground is rocky where the plant is located, thanks to local knowledge of the population, reference documents or by digging a hole next to the treatment plant.
Flood prone area: verify with litterature and local knowledge if a flood occurred in the area next to the faecal sludge treatment site, in the last period equivalent to the design life (see indicator).Take in consideration only the faecal sludge treatment site and not the access to it or the latrines.
Earthquakes: verify with litterature and local knowledge if an earthquake occurred in the area next to the faecal sludge treatment site, in the last period equivalent to the design life (see indicator). Take into consideration only the faecal sludge treatment site and not the access to it or the latrines.
Mountainous topography: the area where the plant is implemented is not flat, there are hills or mountains.
Only locally available material: analyse the purchase documents for the faecal sludge treatment site and identify if only locally available material and equipment were used. Don’t tick the box if material and equipment from abroad were used.
Other: indicate any other constraints faced locally.

Why is it important to measure it
All these constraints will influence the chosen technologies for the treatment plant: construction in areas with a high ground water table requires more complex structures as faecal sludge is composed of contaminants that spread easily and quickly in water; rocky ground will make digging work more complex and expensive; plants in flood prone areas will need extra work to be protected against flooding, as flooding may stop operations for several weeks and/or spread faecal contamination out of the faecal sludge treatment site; plants in earthquake-prone areas will need extra work and consolidation in order to be resistant to earthquakes; a mountainous topography may determine the type of treatment facilities to be built and may influence the transportation and pumping costs; plants contructed and operated only with locally available material reduce costs and are easier to replicate in the same area.
Design life
Final outputsOpen description
Definition of the indicator
The indicator defines what the main outputs of the faecal sludge treatment site are:
Sludge is a mixture of solids and liquids, containing mostly excreta and water, in combination with sand, grit, metals, trash and/or various chemical compounds.
Effluent is the general term for a liquid that leaves a technology, typically after blackwater or sludge has undergone solids separation or some other type of treatment.
Biogas is the common name for the mixture of gases released from the anaerobic digestion of organic material.
Compost is decomposed organic matter that results from a controlled aerobic degradation process, and is an earth-like, odourless, brown/ black material.

How to define it
Review the design documents or observe what the different outputs of the plant are. Several responses can be selected.

References, tips, examples
For example, if there is a solid/liquid separation of the sludge with drying beds followed by a constructed wetland for the liquid outlet treatment, the outputs of the plant are sludge (from the dewatered sludge of the drying beds) and effluent (from the outlet of the constructed wetland).

Why is it important to define it
Knowing the different outputs enables the creation of specific disposal or end-use systems.

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Skills levelOpen description
Definition of the indicator
This indicates if the knowledge and experience level of an FSM specialist is required to be able to design, construct, operate and maintain the faecal sludge treatment site successfully.
Communitarian operation means the faecal sludge treatment system is operated exclusively by the beneficiary community without constant external support.

How to define it
For design: the indicator is determined by assessing the design process and understanding if specialists were involved or not.
For construction: the indicator is determined by assessing the construction process (including selection of contractors or construction staff) and understanding if specific contractors and specialists for special supervision, know-how, equipment use were involved or not.
For operation and maintenance: analyse the CV of the manager of the O&M of the faecal sludge treatment site and identify if he/she has completed higher education related to FSM and if this education is strictly necessary for his/her role.
For community operation: analyse responsibilities and tasks of the faecal sludge treatment site management. Identify if they are covered by the beneficiary community. If there is occasional external support, still consider that the site is completely operated by the community.

References, tips, examples
Example of different design skills in the same context: the design of Oxfam’s large scale faecal sludge treatment site in Cox’s Bazaar was implemented in collaboration with Borda (sanitation experts); Oxfam’s small lime stabilization faecal treatment site was implemented by WASH officers (not FSM specialists).

Why is it important to define it
This indicator is important to know what kind of skills are needed to have a properly functioning treatment plant, to be able to hire the right people for the task and to select the technologies according to the local skills available.

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Type of landscape where the community and the fecal sludge treatment site are installed (hydrogeology, land use, risks, etc.)
Main characteristics of the raw sludge (foam, smell, viscosity, color, etc.)
Inlet sludge parameters measured and their mean value (loading rate, solids, COD, BOD, nutrients, pathogens, pH, etc.)
Type of containment pits
Mean number of users per pit
Flush or dry toilet/ water and type of material for anal cleansing
Presence of solid waste in the pits
Desludging and transportation system (manual/motorized desludging, piping system, etc.)
Distance between the plant and the latrines desludged
Desludging organizations (formal/informal, well/poorly equipped, covering of the needs, etc.)
Local requirements for sludge discharge values
Local safety requirements
Design hypotheses for the plant and the different modules
Production of sludge per person per day considered for the design
Design time life of the plant
Design formulas used (share the design documents in annex)
Reference documents used for the design of the plant
Special skills necessary for the design
Mitigation of the local constraints (high water table, flood prone area, earthquakes, rocky ground, only locally available material, topography, etc.)
Type of climate (arid, temperate, continental, etc.)
Type of soil (sandy, silty, clay, rocky, etc.) and its infiltration capacity
Lowest depth of the water table (end of the rainy season)
Difficulties faced in the assessment and design phase
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Construction

USD/m³/day
Definition of the indicator
This indicator defines the total cost the construction works, including:
– Preliminary and general items (Office and transport contractor and supervisors, security, insurance, electricity supply connection, etc.)
– Purchase of land if relevant
– Civil works
– Electromechanical works: pumps, GenSet, etc.
– Design (typically 5% of Civil & Electromechanical costs)
– Supervision of implementation (typically 5-15% of Civil and Electromechanical costs) divided by the design input flow.

How to measure or calculate it
Review the purchase documents and include the HR costs related to construction. All the expenditure for the construction and installation of a sludge faecal treatment system has to be considered and divided by the design flow (see indicator).

References, tips, examples
Capital expenditure per design flow for faecal sludge treatment sites differs from place to place and depends mostly on transport costs. A treatment plant in inaccessible areas where cement bags need to be flown in can be 10 times more expensive than the same plant in areas where cement can be purchased ‘off the shelf’.

Why is it important to measure it
This indicator is useful to know the cost of construction of a treatment solution, in relation to the volume of sludge treated. This enters in the decision-making process to choose a treatment solution as the amount of money available for construction can be limited.
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Time construction and commissionning
week(s)

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Construction material of the different treatment modules
Locally sourced and imported material
Difficulties faced in sourcing material
Time life of the material (by design and effective)
Resources temporally needed for construction and installation (electricity, water, special vehicles, special tools, access
permission, legal permission, etc.)
Construction and installation methodology (internal team or contractor, tender or employment procedure, challenges, etc.)
Time needed for construction and installation
Land identification and whether it is on lease/purchase/rental (procedure, involved institutions, legal framework, challenges, etc.)
Type of contract for the use of the land (purchase, renting to private landowner, renting to public landowner, length of contract, etc.)
Cost of the land where the treatment plant is set up
Area of the total land used and area of the treatment modules
Capex with and without land
Describe the main costs of capex (include detailed budget sheets in annex)
Health and safety during construction/installation (type of PPE, specific rules, etc. include the health and safety procedures in annex)
Special skills necessary for the construction of the plant
Difficulties faced in the construction phase
Upgrades implemented and their purpose
Upgrades planned in the short term, expected in the long term and arrangements done to ease their implementation
If you have decommissioned part or the totality of the plant, please explain the steps and precautions taken (including remediation and safety)
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Operation & maintenance

Performances
m³/day
Definition of the indicator
This indicator is required to know how much sludge is currently treated at the faecal sludge treatment site. It can differ from the design flow and be lower.

How to measure or calculate it
Calculate the real input flow by measuring the sludge volume in transport tanks arriving to the faecal sludge treatment site or by measuring the pump flow rates and their time of use (duration of usage) during desludging. Consider an average value including also the days the faecal sludge treatment activities are not running.
If it’s not possible to measure in the field, the input flow is estimated as follows:
For emergency simple pits where effluent can infiltrate and latrines are emptied at regular intervals consider the following sludge accumulation rates:
– Wastes retained in water where water is used as anal cleansing material: 25 litres per capita per year (lcy);
– Wastes retained in water where degradable anal cleansing materials are used: 40lcy;
– Wastes retained in water where non-degradable anal cleansing materials are used: 60lcy;
– Wastes retained in dry conditions where degradable anal cleansing materials are used: 60lcy;
– Wastes retained in dry conditions where non-degradable anal cleansing materials are used: 90lcy.
For pour-flush facilities where water cannot infiltrate and be emptied at regular intervals: it is estimated at 4.2 lcd (2 for additional flush water),
For small networks (small bore sewerage, solids free sewerage) where domestic drinking water network is available: it is estimated that 80% of the drinking water supply ends up in the sanitation system.

Examples:
Simple pit latrines emptied at regular intervals and with poor pit infiltration: only water used for anal cleansing and cleaning the toilet enters the receptacle together with the volume of urine and faeces. Typical volume for anal cleansing is 1 litre per person per day (lcd or litres per capita per day).
Typical volume of fresh urine and faeces is 1.2 lcd. Hence, for 1.000 people: 1.000 * (1+1.2) = 2,200 litres or 2.2 m3/day;
Pour-flush facility where water cannot infiltrate, emptied at regular intervals: water used for anal cleansing and for manually flushing the toilet enters the receptacle. A typical volume for pour-flush is 2-3 lcd. Hence, for 1,000 people: 1,000 * (3+1.2) = 4,200 litres or 4.2 m3/day;
Small network (small bore sewerage, solids free sewerage) where domestic drinking water network is available: when wastewater is collected, conveyed and treated, usually 80% of the drinking water supply ends up in the system. Hence, if for example drinking water is 25lcd, wastewater is 25 * 0.8 = 20lcd. Hence, for 1,000 people: 1,000 * 20 = 20,000 litres or 20 m3/day.

Why is it important to measure it The real input flow can be compared with the design flow and upgrades or flow increases can be planned accordingly.
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%
Definition of the indicator
Total solids is the measurement of the concentration of particulate solids that can dissolve or suspend in wastewater. It is commonly expressed as mass of solids in comparison to volume of solution (% weight-volume).
The reduction is related to the total solids concentration of the effluent exiting the faecal sludge treatment site in comparison to the total solids concentration of the influent entering the faecal sludge treatment site.

How to measure or calculate it The reduction is calculated as a relative percentage of the average total solids value of the effluent exiting the faecal sludge treatment site over the average total solids value of the influent entering the faecal sludge treatment site in the same period.
% = (1-Ce/Ci) x 100
with Ce = effluent TS concentration (mg/l)
Ci = influent TS concentration (mg/l)
The laboratory test protocol can be found at:
The STeP Global Testing Protocols & Parameters – A best practices guide for testing sanitation technologies in the field http://stepsforsanitation.org/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=4171

References, tips, examples
Septage (contents of a septic tank) usually has a low percentage of solids (typically 1-2 %) and faecal sludge from pit latrines usually has a high percentage of solids (typically 10-15%). Example values from Zambia: 7-15% for pit latrines and 1-2% for septic tanks.
For example if the influent TS concentration of the treatment plant is 1000 mg/l and the effluent TS concentration is 400 mg/l:
(1-400/1000) x 100 = 60% of TS reduction.

Why is it important to measure it
Faecal sludge characteristics vary widely between cities, types of on-site sanitation systems and types of emptying system used. Samples taken from the same pit latrine can have significant variations in standard physio-chemical testing, which impacts how sludge must be treated.
Suspended solid can lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic environment.
Moreover, as an example, solids content is an important parameter to estimate the volume of dried sludge to be removed from the drying beds of sludge treatment plants.
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%
Definition of the indicator
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. It is commonly expressed in mass of oxygen consumed over volume of solution (mg/L) and is composed principally of proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
The reduction is related to the COD concentration of the effluent exiting the faecal sludge treatment site in comparison to the COD concentration of the influent entering the faecal sludge treatment site.

How to measure or calculate it
The reduction is calculated as a relative percentage of the average COD value of the effluent exiting the faecal sludge treatment site over the average COD value of the influent entering the faecal sludge treatment site in the same period.
% = (1-Ce/Ci) x 100
with Ce = effluent COD concentration (mg/l)
Ci = influent COD concentration (mg/l)
The laboratory test protocol can be found at:
The STeP Global Testing Protocols & Parameters – A best practices guide for testing sanitation technologies in the field http://stepsforsanitation.org/?smd_process_download=1&download_id=4171

References, tips, examples
If the influent COD concentration of the treatment plant is 3000 mg/l and the effluent COD concentration is 1000 mg/l: (1-1000/3000) x 100 = 66% of COD reduction.
Influent values example from Zambia: 50,000-100,000mg/l for pit latrines and 10,000-20,000mg/l for septic tanks

Why is it important to measure it
Faecal sludge characteristics vary widely between cities, types of on-site sanitation systems and types of emptying system used. Samples taken from the same pit latrine can have significant variations in standard physio-chemical testing, which impacts how sludge must be treated.
The COD parameter monitors the available oxygen which has a direct impact on aquatic life. If biodegradable organics are discharged untreated to the environment, their biological stabilisation can lead to the depletion of natural oxygen resources and to the development of septic conditions.
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Log reduction
Definition of the indicator
Faecal coliforms are pathogenic organisms that can transmit diseases. They include genera that originate in feces (e.g. Escherichia) as well as genera not of faecal origin (e.g. Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter). It is an indicator of faecal contamination, indicating the presence of other pathogens. E.Coli are part of the feacal coliforms that can be tested. They are commonly expressed in colony forming units over 100mL volume of solution (CFU/100mL), or in Log (1 log = 1000 CFU/100mL).
The reduction is related to the faecal coliforms concentration of the effluent exiting the faecal sludge treatment site in comparison to the faecal coliforms concentration of the influent entering the faecal sludge treatment site.

How to measure or calculate it
The reduction is calculated as COMPLEMENTARY PERCENTAGE of the average faecal coliforms of effluent exiting the faecal sludge treatment site over the average faecal coliforms of influent entering the faecal sludge treatment site in the same period.

References, tips, examples
If the number of faecal coliforms in the influent of the treatment plant is 1*10^6 and the number of faecal coliforms in the effluent is 1000:
log10(1*10^6)-log(1000) = 3 Log Reduction.
Example values from Zambia: 2*107 CFU/100ml for pit latrines and 1*105 CFU/100ml for septic tanks

Why is it important to measure it
Faecal sludge characteristics varies widely between cities, types of on site sanitation systems and type of emptying system used. Even samples taken from the same pit latrine have been shown to have significant variation in standard physio-chemical testing. Such characteristics impact how sludge can be processed following removal. Stabilised sludge is very poor in terms of gas release in an anaerobic digester.
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Cost
USD/m³
Definition of the indicator
Operation expenditure includes the daily average of:
– Staff costs
– Energy costs (especially high when electricity needs to be generated separately)
– Chemical costs
– Transport costs
– Administration costs
– Water for cleaning / operating costs
– Personal Protection Equipment costs
– Etc.
divided by real input flow.
This doesn’t include the desludging costs.

How to measure or calculate it
Review the operation and maintenance SOPs, the purchase documents and ask the staff. All the expenditure for operation has to be considered and divided by the real input flow (see indicator). Expenditure for daily, weekly and monthly operation, as well as yearly and extraordinary maintenance should be considered as a daily average. It includes the cost of human resources involved in the operation and maintenance of the plant, but it doesn’t include the costs related to desludging activities.

References, tips, examples
Typical O&M costs for faecal sludge treatment plants around the world are 6-10 USD/m3.

Why is it important to measure it
This indicator is useful to know the economical efficiency of a faecal sludge treatment system.
Open description
Resources needed for operationOpen description
Definition of the indicator
This indicator defines if any resources are needed to operate the treatment plant.

How to measure or calculate it
Review the O&M documents or ask the staff to find out if electricity (from solar panels or a generator), addition of water (from wells or piping system) or addition of chemicals (lime, chlorine, etc.) are required to run the regular operation of the plant. Indicate if any other kind of input is needed.

References, tips, examples
Electricity can be required to run aeration in tanks, water can be needed for co-composting, lime can be needed to neutralize pathogens.

Why is it important to measure it
It is useful to decide if a treatment solution is adequate for a specific context, as the resources need to be available and they can increase the cost and complexity of operation.

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Operation and maintenance

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Steps to commission the plant, total duration and difficulties faced
Description of daily, weekly, monthly and yearly operation and maintenance activities (include the O&M manual)
Number of workers needed to operate and their skill level
Special skills necessary for the operation and maintenance (expert, consultancy, periodical needs, etc.)
Material and equipment needed for O&M
Spare parts needed and availability locally/internationally
Quantity and purpose of resources needed for operation and maintenance (electricity, water, chemicals, access and legal permission, etc.)
Describe the main costs of operation and maintenance (include detailed budget sheets in annex)
Process parameters measured (loading rate, solids, COD, BOD, nutrients, pathogens, pH, etc.) and their mean inlet/outlet values and reduction
Other data monitored
Influence of the weather on the operation
Nuisance (odors, flies, animals, etc.)
Social acceptance
Health and safety during O&M (type of PPE, specific rules, include health and safety rules in annex)
Washing facilities available
Access to the plant (walking/on foot, by motorized tractor, etc.)
Site protected by a fence
Drainage needed and/or implemented
Quantity and type of final outputs
Disposal or reuse of final outputs (description, environmental and socioeconomic impact, revenue, etc.)
Difficulties faced in the operation and maintenance
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Strengths

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List of main strengths of the treatment/disposal methodology considering the context (including opportunities, benefits, possible innovations, etc.)
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Weaknesses

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List of main weaknesses of the treatment/disposal methodology considering the context (including threats, limitations, difficulties, etc.)
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Lessons learned

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Were you able to reduce the inlet quantity of sludge of the plant? How?
Were the design hypotheses correct? How would you have changed them?
Have the design rules given the expected results? What design rule would you have changed?
How did you reduce costs?
Which materials do you suggest to use, not use?
Which partners do you suggest to work with? What is their added value?
How have you reduced contact between staff and sludge?
How is the sustainability of the plant guaranteed (involvement of authorities, financial balance, availability of spare parts and HR skills, etc.)?
What was the impact of implementing the treatment plant on the population’s health? How did you measure it? Which other activities may have influenced it?
What was the impact of implementing the treatment plant on the environment? How did you measure it?
Did you have any social issues? How did you solve them?
Did you have any environmental issues? How did you solve them?
What difficulties did you face and how did you overcome them?
What would you do differently if you had to do it again?
What good practices would you recommend?
Do you have any other comments/suggestions/lessons learnt to share?
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Solidarités International

Wash Cluster

Oxfam

CAWST

Borda

HIF

Elrah

Confederation Suisse